S.No. | Topic | Notes Link |
---|---|---|
1. | ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND FISHERIES | Read Now |
2. | Livestock in India | Read Now |
3. | Role of Animal Husbandry / livestock | Read Now |
4. | livestock rearing – key to poverty reduction strategies | Read Now |
5. | Constraints of Livestock Development | Read Now |
6. | Contribution of livestock to Man | Read Now |
7. | General Principles of Animal Management | Read Now |
8. | Major Challenges | Read Now |
9. | Aims and objectives of the National Livestock Policy | Read Now |
10. | Fisheries Resources | Read Now |
11. | Problems of Inland Fishery | Read Now |
12. | Problems of Marine Fishery | Read Now |
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND FISHERIES
Breeds of Cattle
Milch Breeds
The cows of these breeds are high milk yields and the male animals are slow or poor work animals. The examples of indian Milch breeds are Shahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir and Deoni the Milk Production of milk breeds is on the average more than 16 kg per lactationDual purpose Breeds
The cows in these breeds are average milk yielder and male animals are very useful for work. Their milk production per lactation is 5kg to 15kg. The example of this group is Ongole, Hariana, Kankrej, Tharparker, Krishna valley, Rathi and Goalo Mewathi.Draught Breeds
The Male animals are good for work and Cows are poor milk yielder. Their milk Yield as an average is less than 5 kg per lactation. They are usually white in color. A pair of bullocks can haul 1000 kg. Net with an iron typed cart on a good road at walking speed of 5 to 7 km per hour and cover a distance of 30 – 40 km per day. Twice as much weight can be pulled on pneumatic rubber tube carts. The example of this group Kangayam, Umblacherry, Amritmahal, Hallikar.Name of the Breed |
Habitat |
Remarks |
Hallikar |
Karnataka |
Draught breed |
Kangayam |
Tamil Nadu |
Draught breed |
Red Shindhi |
Pakistan all parts of India |
Dairy breed |
Tharparkar |
Pakistan (sind) |
Dairy breed |
Vechur |
Kerala |
Dairy breed |
Cross Breeding
It is mating of animals of different breeds. Cross breeding is followed for breeding animals for milk production and meat production . In India zebu breeds of cows and nondescript cows are crossed with exotic breeds like holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss and Jersey bulls or their semen, to enhance the milk production potential of the Progeny.Cross – breed cattle in India
Name of the Breed |
Native breed |
Remarks |
Brown Swiss |
Switzerland |
Dairy breed |
Holstein Friesian |
Holland |
Dairy breed |
Jersey |
British Isles |
Dairy breed |
Buffalo breeds
Name of the Breed |
Habitat |
Remark |
Jafarabadi |
Gujarat |
Dairy breed |
Murrah |
Haryana , UP |
Dairy Breed |
Surti |
Gujarat |
Dairy breed |
Goats breeds
Name of the Breed |
Habitat |
Pashmina |
Ladakh , Lahaul and spiti valleys |
Chegu |
Kashmir |
Jamnunapari |
Uttar Pradesh |
Berari |
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. |
Surti |
Maharashtra |
Tellicherry |
Kerala |
Angora |
Exotic Breeds |
Livestock in India
The animal production system in India is predominantly part of a mixed crop – livestock farming system vital for the security and survival of large numbers of poor people. In such systems , livestock generate income, provide employment, draught power and manure. This production system assumes special significance in the present context of sustained economic growth, rising income, increasing urbanization , changes in taste and preference that have lead to dietary changes reflecting the importance of milk , meat, egg and fish.
Role of Animal Husbandry / livestock
Animal husbandry plays an important role in augmenting rural income, health and employment as follows.
livestock rearing – key to poverty reduction strategies
Livestock rearing is a key livelihood and risk mitigation strategy for small and marginal farmers, particularly across the rain – fed regions of India. The livestock sectors of agriculture and if this trend continues then the sector will be the engine of growth for Indian agriculture that many have predicted.
There are two other important aspects: firstly, livestock rearing at the household level is largely a women – led activity, and therefore income from livestock rearing and decisions related to management of livestock within the household are primarily take by women. Interventions in India have demonstrated that support for livestock rearing has contributed significantly to the empowerment of women and an increasing role in decision making at both the household and village level. Secondly, livestock rearing , particularly in the rain – fed regions of the country, is also emerging as a key risk mitigation strategy for the poorest.
They face increasingly uncertain and erratic weather conditions which negatively impact crop productivity and wage labour in the agriculture sector.
Constraints of Livestock Development
In spite of the ambitions programmes launched by the Government of India and State Government, they were not able to deliver the expected results. There was no significant breakthrough in improving the productivity both in the milch and meat sectors and in reaching the poor for their livelihood.
The reasons for the slow progress were :
Contribution of livestock to Man
Food | Milk, Meat , Eggs |
Fiber | Wool, Hair |
Skin | Hide, pelt |
Traction | Power for agricultural , irrigation , transportation |
Wastes | Fertilizer , Fuel , Capital, gas , Animal feed |
Storage | Storage of food , Capital , Wealth |
Weed Control | Biological control of weeds / Bushes |
Cultural | Security , Self – esteem, Status symbol |
Sports / recreation | Competition , Exhibition, companion |
By – Products | Bone meal, Blood Meal |
Experimentation | Testing of drugs, Vaccines, Manufacture of sera , toxoid |
Security | Use of dogs in Police, Guarding |
General Principles of Animal Management
Major Challenges
The livestock sector in India faces the following major challenges which need to be addressed enabling the sector to grow according to its potential : -
Shortage of Feed and Fodder –
While the livestock population is increasing , the gap between the requirement and availability of feed and fodder in increasing primarily due to decreasing area under fodder cultivation and reduced availability of crop residues as fodderAims and objectives of the National Livestock Policy
The National Livestock Policy ( referred as policy hereafter ), aims at increasing livestock Productivity and production in a sustainable manner, while protecting the environment, preserving animal bio – diversity, ensuring bio security and farmers’ livelihood. With this goal ,the main objective of this policy are as under:
To support the existing low input production systems for improving productivity and income so as to improve socio – economic status of a vast majority of our livestock producers, most of which are women and small farmers .
To support research and development initiatives on issues pertaining to livestock sector for improving production and productivity, bio – security and profitability.
To encourage establishment and growth of self – supporting financially viable, medium and large commercial livestock production units capable of adopting latest technology including facility for processing and value addition.
To improve the productivity of livestock and poultry by promoting and disseminating the technologies developed by the research system.
To promote conservation of animal bio – diversity; conservation and genetic improvement of important indigenous breeds of livestock and poultry in the country.
To increase availability of feed and fodder resource to meet the requirement of livestock to attain optimal productivity.
To strengthen overall animal health cover through prevention, control and eradication of various disease Condition and encourage / enable the dairy cooperatives to extend veterinary services to farmers.
To focus on production of quality livestock products as per the international standards for food safety.
To encourage value addition of livestock products like milk and products, eggs, wool and meat & products etc.
To expand capacity of milk handled by organized dairy sector including cooperatives.
To ensure transmission and application of improved technology and management practices to the doorstep of the farmers and the entrepreneurs.
To create an enabling environment to attract investment for improving infrastructure support, livestock production, processing , value addition and marketing in the sector .
Fisheries Resources
Broadly fishery Resource in India is of two types
1. Inland Fishery : The principal rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, ponds comprise the inland fisheries.
2. Marine Fishery : The marine resources comprise of two wide arms of the India Ocean and a large number of gulf and bays along the coast.
In view of the nutritive value of fish and the employment potential Govt. has taken many steps for development of marine and inland fishery resources in our country. The important decisions in this regard were as under .
Problems of Inland Fishery
Though there has been remarkable improvement in fishery resources in general and inland fishery resource in particular , there are some disturbing trends in respect of Inland fishery as well. The important disturbances are as under.
The Way Forward
Problems of Marine Fishery
The Way Forward
The following measures will help to further strengthen the fisheries sector: